Monday, May 26, 2014

Mini-Post Monday: Phaetons, Curricles, Barouches, Oh My!

If you have spent a substantial amount of time in the world of Georgian literature, you will have undoubtedly heard talk of the various means of transportation used by the characters. If you are like me, you may have breezed over this aspect of the story, realizing it is significant, but not taking time to appreciate what is actually being said. However, even seemingly trivial details are significant, including the quality of one's carriage. 

There are many more means of travel than the few I will mention here. For a more in-depth look, read this essay published by the Jane Austen Society of North America's Northern California chapter: Transports of Delight 

For this post I am keeping it simple, and assuming you want to have a very basic understanding of the most widely used private vehicles. If carriages really tickle your fancy, there is a lot more information out there. I just won't be reading it. 

Numero Uno: The Phaeton

Looks safe. 

The above represents a "high perch" phaeton. There were also lower, presumably safer phaetons. Although, the beauty of the high perch is that you could be on display for all passers-by. This was the vehicle in which to see and be seen. 

Numero Dos: The Curricle 


The young man's sporting vehicle. For the pleasure seeker. Willoughby has one, obviously. 

Numero Tres: The Barouche 



For the established, aristocratic gentleman. Like the vehicles above, the Barouche would be used for daily jaunts, and not for longer trips. Whenever a character goes to great pains to discuss his or her Barouche, he or she may, in fact, be a terrible person. 

These are the three most widely mentioned vehicles, aside from the standard coach. A large respectable, though not wealthy, family like the Bennets would use a coach to get from point A to point B. The point is practicality, not creating an impression. If you owned one of the smaller carriages above, it shows that you can afford a pleasure vehicle, as well as a coach for all those road trips. 

Thursday, May 15, 2014

The Dandiest Dandy That Ever Dandied


“A vain man is a flower that expects to be watered by the dew of admiration. Such is the Dandy.”
(Beau Brummell: His Life and Times, Carlo Maria Franzero)


George Bryan Brummell. AKA Beau Brummell, has become known for two things: (1) introducing what has evolved into the modern man's tailored suit, and (2) making it cool to take a bath every day. At Eton and Oxford he became recognized for his impeccable dress and grooming. He was clever, but lazy; elegant, but not particularly athletic. Although he didn't come from the same aristocratic background as many of his classmates, he managed to distinguish himself. Though, as Franzero points out, "Oxford was a place for social training rather than a preparation for scholarship." It's easy to imagine how someone with Beau's aptitude for repartee would thrive in such an environment. 

Pictorial guide, in case you want to British all the place
As a teenager, his father died and much of his his hard earned money went straight into Beau's pocket once he came of age. (If breeches have pockets)

Several years earlier he met Prinny, the Prince of Wales (Princess Charlotte's father, if you're keeping track), and the course of his life was inevitably changed. 

In 1794, in fulfillment of a promise extracted from the Prince upon their first meeting, Beau joined the Tenth Royal Hussars, the Prince's own regiment. 

Beau and Prinny began to pass much of time in each other's company. If you are at all familiar with the hedonistic George IV, you may infer that little to no work was accomplished between the two. Beau tired of military life, however, and Prinny allowed him to sell out. Of course their bromance lived on into civilian life. 

Beau's cutting witticisms and discerning tastes quickly ensured his place in London society, who craved even fleeting moments in his company. As Franzero writes: 
“The ladies were anxious to have him at their balls and
parties ; more than one hostess spent anxious hours await-
ing the arrival of Brummell, who would at long last enter
the room : lingering for a short while on the threshold, he
would look round through his spy-glass, then exchange a
few compliments right and left, and depart for another
ball, in his sedan-chair.”

Although his fortune was small in comparison, Beau behaved as though he had the same means as the fashionable lot with whom he consorted.  They spent, he spent. They gambled, he gambled. You see where this is going. The good times were coming to a close. 

Perhaps if Beau had learned to restrain his sharp tongue, or at least learned to not unleash it upon the Prince of Wales, he could have maintained his place. Prinny was never known for his frugality. Alas, it was not to be. The rift began to grow, and the bosom buddies became bitter enemies. 

For more on their relationship, check out This Charming Man. All the videos may be found on YouTube: This Charming Man

It's not what I would call a "good" movie, but it does the job of being informative, and having lots of British people doing British-y things. Plus Hugh Bonneville (AKA Lord Grantham of Downton Abbey fame) pulls it out as the Prince of Wales. 

Look at my wig! Nailing it. 
By 1816, Beau was deeply in debt, so he did what any respectable man would do and ran away to France. He lived the rest of his life in exile, dying in March of 1840 of syphilis.  


Friday, May 9, 2014

Gretna Green: Vacation of Choice for Disobedient Daughters and the Men Who Love Them

In Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, when Lydia writes home to tell of her elopement, there is a reference to a place called Gretna Green. This destination has been mentioned in other period pieces, and I've always taken for granted that it was a popular spot for elopements, but never looked into why that was the case. 


The face of a girl who still believes he's going to buy the cow
(BBC's Pride and Prejudice, 1995)
So what started it all? Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act of 1754, which stated, among other things, that the age of consent for marriage, without parental approval, was 21. What was the remedy for those who just couldn't hold out? Scotland!

Gretna Green was the first stop over the border between the two countries, and therefore became the most logical place to get hitched before the bride's angry male relatives caught up to the happy couple. 


"Told you we didn't have time to make that extra stop" 
As explained by BBC History, the town's blacksmith shop  became the first place a ceremony could be held. Scotland was playing it pretty free and loose with the marriage regulations, and didn't require church or state involvement to be legitimized. Thus, the "anvil priest" was born. Eventually Scotland added a residential requirement in order to prevent runaways from entering into clandestine marriages, but it wasn't until 1940 that "marriage by declaration" was outlawed.

Today, Gretna Green is still reaping the benefits of ol' Hardwicke's Act, and it remains a popular wedding locale: http://www.gretnaweddings.com/index.html

While you won't be married by the town blacksmith, you can still choose his old shoppe as your venue. 





Sweet.

Thursday, May 8, 2014

The Tragic Life of Princess Charlotte, or, A Guide to Completely Screwing Up Your Child




A large part of why Princess Charlotte's life tends to be viewed as "tragic" is, of course due to her (SPOILER) early demise at the age of one and twenty. This is understandable, of course. Charlotte was young and pretty, recently married with a child on the way. She was England's Golden Girl, the antithesis of her father and the savior of the royal family. 


Princess Charlotte as a child. 
Even the birds liked her.
Adding to that tragic element is the fact that the brief life she did live was largely sad and lonely. While it was customary for royals to have a "hands off" parenting style (which will obviously produce extremely functional adults), Charlotte's parents were especially removed. 

Understanding Charlotte's childhood requires some explanation of her parents and their relationship to each other. 

The Cliff's Notes version of that situation is as follows: The Prince of Wales (the future George IV) needed to get married. Getting married = getting more money from parliament. If there was anything George liked more than food, booze, and sex, it was money; probably to buy some more food, booze, and presents for his current mistress. At any rate, married he must be. 


Miniature portrait of George, circa 1792.
He may have needed the money for more fancy wigs.

How George came to choose Charlotte's mother ("choose" being used very loosely), is a story for another day. For more on this I suggest: Caroline and Charlotte, Regency Scandals, by Alison Plowden, or Becoming Queen Victoria, by Kate Williams. Both of these sources are great reads and provided the information for this post. 

In the end, George settled on Caroline of Brunswick, who was, naturally, his first cousin. To say that the couple's first meeting did not run smoothly is quite an understatement. If you know anything about this story, there is a decent chance you have heard Caroline's infamous line: "I think he is very fat and nothing like as handsome as his portrait". This was cruel but likely true. George was similarly unimpressed. 


Sad face Caroline
Although George got crazy drunk at his wedding, he appears to have manned up that night. Charlotte was born roughly nine months following her parent's marriage. 

The promise of a new generation was not enough to keep these two crazy kids together, and the couple was separated by the time Charlotte was born. 

Unfortunately for the child, she became a pawn between her parents, who used her as a way to demonstrate their mutual animosity. This was particularly true for George who attempted to keep Caroline away from her daughter, except for very minimal contact, always in the presence of nursemaids and/or governesses. 

At age eight, young Charlotte was given her own establishment at Montague House,  but she was starved for affection. If her parents weren't using her to harm each other, they barely noticed her existence. A particularly poignant letter written by a ten-year old Charlotte to her father has survived: 
Forgive me, my dearest papa, for writing to you when you have so much business, but I saw you so unwell last night that I could not help writing to see how you are. Believe me, my dearest papa, that my whole aim is to gain your regard and affection; if I should lose that, I shall be destitute of everything in this world most dear to me; but I trust that will never happen. Oh how I wish I could see more of you! but I hope I shall in time. I am sensible how irksome it must be to you to see me, feeling I can be no companion to you to amuse you when in health and spirits & am too young to sooth you when in affliction. Believe me, I am always truly happy when I do see you. 
In Becoming Queen Victoria, Williams writes that "[t]here is no recorded reply from the prince." The combination of neglect and control continued throughout Charlotte's adolescence, until her marriage to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg in 1816. 

NOTE: Charlotte's teenaged years are fascinating and will likely be covered in a future post